Long-term effect of atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature co-elevation on maize biomass and the phosphorus fraction in the rhizosphere of maize
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摘要:
在农业系统中,作物通过刺激根系生长和调节根际生化特征从土壤中获取更多磷(P)以满足产量增长需求,根际有效磷的吸收势必影响土壤磷转化。然而,长期大气CO2浓度和温度升高对作物生长、土壤磷组分以及相关微生物机制的影响鲜有研究。本研究利用开顶式生长室(OTC)重点探究了气候变化对黑土区玉米根际土壤磷组分和相关磷转化微生物功能基因的影响。结果表明,连续4年CO2浓度和温度升高使玉米生物量增加10%~40%,磷吸收增加20%~80%。另外,大气CO2浓度和温度升高使玉米根际NaHCO3可提取无机磷(NaHCO3-Pi)下降了24%,而NaHCO3可提取有机磷(NaHCO3-Po)增加了22%。然而,大气CO2浓度、温度以及两者同时升高使NaOH可提取有机磷(NaOH-Po)分别降低了27%、74%和20%。大气CO2浓度和温度同时升高显著增加了酸性磷酸酶活性(P < 0.05),并且玉米根际磷酸酶活性与NaOH-Po呈负相关关系。大气CO2浓度和温度同时升高增加了根际土壤phoC(酸性磷酸酶合成基因)、phoD(碱性磷酸酶合成基因)和pstS(磷转运因子)基因拷贝数。长期大气CO2浓度和温度升高能够促进玉米生长,并通过刺激根际微生物磷矿化基因丰度和相关酶活性影响土壤磷组分,气候变化可能改变根际磷转化的微生物生态功能,进而影响黑土磷循环。
Abstract:In agrosystems, crop plants normally increase phosphorus acquisition to achieve yield gain by increasing root growth and changing biochemical characteristics in the rhizosphere, which likely affects soil phosphorus transformation.However, few studies have investigated the long-term effect of elevated CO2 concentration and temperature on crop growth, soil phosphorus fraction and relevant microbial mechanisms.The study used open-top growth chambers to mainly investigate the effect of elevated CO2 and warming on soil phosphorus fractions and relevant functional genes in Mollisols.The results showed that the elevated CO2 concentration and temperature for 4 consecutive years increased the maize biomass by 10%~40% and phosphorus uptake by 20%~80%.Long-term CO2 and temperature co-elevation decreased NaHCO3-extractable inorganic phosphorus (NaHCO3-Pi) concentration in the rhizosphere by 24% while increased NaHCO3-extractable organic phosphorus (NaHCO3-Po) by 22% compared with the control.However, elevated CO2 concentration, warming, and CO2 plus warming reduced NaOH-Po by 27%, 74%, and 20%, respectively.In addition, CO2 and temperature co-elevation increased the activity of acid phosphatase, which was negatively correlated with NaOH-Po.The CO2 and temperature co-elevation increased the copy numbers of phoC(acidic phosphatases producing gene), phoD(alkaline phosphatases producing gene) and pstS(phosphate-specific transporter gene) genes in the rhizosphere.These results suggest that long-term CO2 and temperature co-elevation promotes crop growth and alters soil phosphorus fractions through changing the abundance of functional genes and phosphatase activity.Climate change may impact the microbial eco-function on phosphorus transformation and consequent phosphorus cycling in Mollisols.
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Key words:
- climate change /
- phosphorus fraction /
- phosphatase activity /
- phosphorus functional genes
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图 1 2018-2021年模拟CO2浓度和温度升高对玉米生物量的影响
注:Control: 大气CO2浓度+环境温度;eCO2:高CO2浓度处理;Warming: 升温处理;eCO2+warming: CO2浓度和温度同时升高处理。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。下同。
Figure 1. Effects of elevated CO2 and temperature simulation on maize biomass during 2018-2021
Note: Control: atmosphere CO2+environment temperature; eCO2: elevated CO2 treatment; Warming: elevated temperature treatment; eCO2+warming: elevated CO2 and temperature co-elevation treatment.Different lower case letters indicate significant differences between treatments at P < 0.05.The same is as below.
表 1 黑土基础理化性质和磷组分
Table 1. Basic physicochemical properties and phosphorus fractions of Mollisols
土壤类型
Soil type全碳Total carbon/(g·kg-1) 全氮Total nitrogen/(g·kg-1) NaHCO3-Pi/(mg·kg-1) NaHCO3-Po/(mg·kg-1) NaOH-Pi/(mg·kg-1) NaOH-Po/(mg·kg-1) HCl-P/(mg·kg-1) Residue-P/(mg·kg-1) pH 黑土
Mollisols12.7 1.4 107.7 178.1 111.2 128.9 139.0 281.7 5.4 表 2 磷转化相关功能微生物引物序列
Table 2. Nucleotide sequences of developed primers for real-time qPCR
目的基因
Target gene引物
Primer序列
Sequence(5′-3′)参考文献
Reference碱性磷酸酶合成基因
Alkaline phosphatase(phoD)phoD-FW TGTTCCACCTGGGCGAYWMIATHTAYG [35] phoD-RW CGTTCGCGACCTCGTGRTCRTCCCA 酸性磷酸酶合成基因
Acid phosphatase(phoC)phoC-FW CGGCTCCTATCCGTCCGG [36] phoC-RW CAACATCGCTTTGCCAGTG 磷酸乙醛水解酶合成基因
Phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase(phnX)phnX-FW CGTGATCTTCGACtGGGCNGGNAC [35] phnX-RW GTGGTCCCACTTCCCCADICCCATNGG 磷转运因子合成基因
Phosphate-specific transporter(pstS)pstS-FW TCTACCTGGGGAAGATCACAAARTGGRAYGA [35] pstS-RW TGCCGACGGGCCAITYNWC -
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