Abstract: As a core element of soil quality, the pore structure of soil aggregates profoundly influences the function of farmland ecosystems by regulating ecological processes such as water and gas transport, nutrient cycling and microbial activities. In this study, the morphological characteristics of aggregate pore space and its interactions with soil water dynamics, root interactions, carbon and nitrogen cycling, and gas exchange are systematically characterized. The inter-aggregate pore space dominates preferential water flow and gas diffusion, while micropores influence organic carbon stability and nutrient sequestration. Root growth regulates pore network reconfiguration through mechanical action and secretion, while pore structure constrains the inter-root processes and microbial activity. Traditional characterization methods are restrained by two-dimensional analysis and structural damage, which makes it difficult to resolve key features such as three-dimensional pore connectivity. Computed tomography technology enables quantitative characterization of pore morphology, distribution and connectivity through non-invasive 3D imaging, and could reveal the remodeling of pore structure by management measures such as tillage practices and wet-dry cycles. The current research is still facing technical bottlenecks: image resolution and threshold segmentation methods constrain the accurate analysis of pore network; multi-scale correlation mechanism and dynamic process monitoring are insufficient; and the wide application of synchrotron radiation technology is limited. In the future, we need to integrate 4D-CT, artificial intelligence and cross-scale modeling techniques, develop standardized image processing procedures, deepen the dynamic coupling research between pore structure and ecological functions; which could provide theoretical support for soil health management.